Sɛ́ nneɛma a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma ho titiriw no mu biako no, screw adwumayɛ nya ahotoso, sɛnea ɛyɛ den, ne ahobammɔ a ɛwɔ mfiri nhyehyɛe ahorow mu no so nkɛntɛnso tẽẽ. Efi microscopic nneɛma nyansahu so kosi macroscopic engineering applications so no, screw adwumayɛ ka afã horow pii ho, a nea ɛka ho ne mfiridwuma mu nneɛma, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛsakra, ne ne yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nsɛnkyerɛnne biara hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ no yiye na ɛyɛ nokware.
I. Core mechanical properties: ahoɔden ne adesoa a ɛkari pɛ .
Screw bi adwuma titiriw ne sɛ ɛde adesoa bɛkɔ na aso, na ɛma ne mfiridwuma mu su ahorow no yɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse ma nhwehwɛmu. Tensile ahoɔden ne aba ahoɔden kyerɛ screw bi adwumayɛ wɔ axial tension ase. Sɛ nhwɛso no, High-agya dade nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a ɛyɛ den (sɛ nhwɛso no, grade 8.8 ne nea ɛboro saa) betumi agyina nhyɛso a ɛwɔ megapascals ɔhaha pii mu ano na ɛfata ma kar engine anaa ahunmu adan. Nanso, ahoɔden a ɛtwetwe no nya ne gyinabea so nkɛntɛnso wɔ tumi a ɛwɔ akyi no ase na wɔtaa hu wɔ mprɛte a ɛyɛ tratraa mu. Bio nso, ɔbrɛ ahoɔden na ɛkyerɛ skru bi nkwa nna wɔ adesoa a wɔtaa de di dwuma ase. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ɛsɛ sɛ screws a ɛwɔ bridge bearings mu no gyina sɔhwɛ ahorow ɔpepem pii ano na wɔakwati huammɔdi a ɛyɛ hu a efi microcrack a ɛtrɛw mu ba no.
ii. Precision Material Nyansahu a Wɔpaw .
Fapem a ɛwɔ screw bi adwumayɛ mu no gyina nea wɔpaw no so. Carbon steel (te sɛ Q235) no sua-ɛho ka na ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔde mfiri yɛ, nanso ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ ɛbɛbɔ na ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde anyinam ahoɔden yɛ adwuma anaasɛ wɔde galvanizing. Stainless steel (te sɛ 304/316) nya corrosion resistance esiane ne chromium-nickel alloy passivation film nti na wɔde di dwuma kɛse wɔ nnuruyɛ mu nnwinnade ne po mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu. Titanium alloy screws yɛ favoured wɔ ahunmu adwumayɛ mu ma wɔn lightweight na ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn-to{9}}weight ratio, nanso ɛyɛ kɛse a ɛyɛ den na ɛho ka yɛ den ma mfiri. Wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu no, wɔde nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a wɔabom ayɛ (te sɛ plastic a wɔde carbon fiber ahyɛ mu den) afi ase redi dwuma wɔ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri mu de atew emu duru ne wosow a wɔde fa so no so.
iii. Nsɛnnennen ne nkɔso a aba wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔsakra mu .
Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛyɛ hu no de ahwehwɛde soronko bi to screw adwumayɛ so. Wɔ-temperature environments (te sɛ engine exhaust systems) mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde ɔhyew-a ɛko tia dade (te sɛ Inconel 718), a ɛwɔ oxidation resistance a ɛboro 800℃. Wɔ baabi a ɛba fam-temperature environments (te sɛ liquefied natural gas storage tanks), dadeɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no bɛbubu esiane brittle transition nti, ɛho behia sɛ wɔde austenitic stainless steel anaa nickel-based alloys di dwuma. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔako atia nnuru a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no, nea ɛka atetesɛm mu galvanizing ho no, dacromet coating anaa PTFE (Teflon) impregnation betumi ama nkyene a wɔde petepete so no ayɛ kɛse bio.
iv. Geometric pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ ne dwumadi mu nneɛma a efi mu ba .
A screw's thread accuracy (sɛ nhwɛso no, ISO tolerance grade), ti nsusuwii (hexagon socket/cross recess), ne soro ayaresa no nya nhyiam no mmɔdenbɔ ne dwumadi ntrɛwmu so nkɛntɛnso tẽẽ. Sɛ nhwɛso no, self-Kaping screws, esiane wɔn asaawa titiriw a wɔayɛ nti, betumi akɔ plastic nneɛma mu tẽẽ (te sɛ plastic anaa aluminum krataa a ɛyɛ tratraa), a ɛbɛma wɔayi pre-atu mmirika no afi hɔ. Nkyene a wɔde to mu (te sɛ nylon a wɔde hyɛ mu anaa spring washer a wɔaka abom) siw kwan a ɛbɛsan aba esiane wosow a ɛnam frictional resistance so nti. Ɛnam su a ɛfa miniaturization ho nti, nnuruyɛ mu nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn tumi du ne ntwemu a ennu 1mm, a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde micromachining mfiridwuma di dwuma na ama ne kɛse ayɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.
V. Daakye akwankyerɛ: nyansa ne nea ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa .
Ɛnam nnwuma 4.0 a wɔreyɛ no so no, smart screws afi ase de sensor ahorow (te sɛ strain gauges anaa temperature sensors) ahyɛ structure health mu wɔ bere ankasa mu. Nneɛma a ɛtumi sɛe a ɛtumi sɛe (te sɛ deɛ wɔde magnesium a wɔde afra) de nkakrankakra rehyɛ dadeɛ a wɔde hyɛ nnompe mu no ananmu wɔ nnompe mu oprehyɛn mu, na ɛkwati sɛ wɔyɛ oprehyɛn a ɛtɔ so mmienu a wɔde yiyi mu. Bere koro no ara mu no, nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma a wɔbɛtew so denam topological optimization nhyehyɛe so anaasɛ dade a wɔasan de adi dwuma a wɔde bedi dwuma no abɛyɛ ade titiriw a wɔde wɔn adwene si so wɔ green manufacturing mu.
Ɛmfa ho sɛ ne kɛse sua no, nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn yɛ mfiri nhyehyɛe ahorow no tweatibo a aniwa nhu. Ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔn adwumayɛ mu nkɔso gyina nkɔso a aba wɔ mfiridwuma biako mu nko na mmom egyina nneɛma foforo a wɔbom yɛ so wɔ nteɛso ahorow pii mu, a nneɛma ho nyansahu, mfiridwuma ho nhyehyɛe, ne asase ani mfiridwuma ka ho. Wɔ nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa na ɛyɛ den kɛse mu no, nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn biara a ɛkɔ so no ma nnipa mfiridwuma mu ahoɔden ahye no kɔ so.
