Bolts yɛ nneɛma a wɔtaa de kyekyere nneɛma ho wɔ mfiri nhyiam mu no mu biako. Sɛnea wɔn nkitahodi akwan no teɛ na wotumi de ho to so no nya nnwinnade ahobammɔ ne ɔsom asetra so nkɛntɛnso tẽẽ. Sɛ́ ebia wɔbɛboaboa nneɛma a ɛnyɛ den ano anaasɛ mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a ɛyɛ den a wɔyɛ no, bolt a wɔpaw, nea wɔde si hɔ, ne ne siesie a wobetumi ayɛ no yiye no ho hia yiye. Saa asɛm yi bɛka mfiridwuma mu nsɛm titiriw a ɛwɔ bolt nkitahodi mu ho asɛm de aboa akenkanfo ma wɔanya ntease a emu dɔ wɔ saa adeyɛ titiriw nanso ɛho hia yi ho.
I. Mfitiaseɛ bolt ahodoɔ ne nnyinasosɛm a wɔde paw .
Bolt ahorow wɔ ahorow pii. Wobetumi akyekyɛ mu denam ti a ɛte sɛ hexagonal, hexagon socket, round, ne square heads so; Sɛnea asaawa no te no, wobetumi akyekyɛ mu ayɛ no nhama a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ɛyɛ fɛ, na ɛyɛ soronko; Na sɛnea nneɛma te no, wobetumi akyekyɛ mu ayɛ no carbon dade, dade a ɛnyɛ den, ne dade a wɔde afra. Ɛsɛ sɛ wosusuw nneɛma a edidi so yi ho bere a worepaw bolt ahorow no:
Adesoa a wɔhwehwɛ: Sɛ ɛhyɛ adesoa a ɛyɛ nnam ase (te sɛ wosow a), ɛyɛ papa-Thread bolts anaa high-alloy steel bolts a ɛyɛ den no na wɔpɛ. Wɔ static loads ho no, wobetumi de conventional coarse-Thread bolts adi dwuma.
Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia a Ɛsakra: dade a ɛnyɛ den (te sɛ 304/316) anaasɛ galvanized bolts ho hia wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini anaasɛ ɛporɔw. Ɔhyew-nneɛma a ɛko tia (te sɛ 12.9 grade alloy steel) na ɛho hia ma nneɛma a ɛkorɔn-temperature applications.
Pɛpɛɛpɛɛmu a ɛne no hyia: Wɔkamfo hexagon socket bolts kyerɛ sɛ wɔmfa nnwinnade a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ na ɛkwati sɛ ɛbɛsɛe wɔ abɔnten so tumi ne nhyiam no mu, bere a wɔtaa de hexagonal head bolts di dwuma ma structure components akɛse na ama adwinnade no adi ho dwuma ayɛ mmerɛw.
ii. Nneɛma a wɔde si hɔ a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ama nkitahodi ahorow a wɔde bolted ayɛ .
Instɔlehyɛn akwan a ɛteɛ ho hia na ama wɔahwɛ ahu sɛ nkitahodi a wotumi de ho to so. Nneɛma a wɔtaa yɛ no bi ne:
Pretreatment: Hohoro afã horow a ɛka ho no ani (ayi ngo, efĩ, ne burrs). Sɛ ɛho hia a, fa thread lock compound anaa washers (te sɛ spring washers anaa toothed washers) gu so.
Pre-Thightening: Fa torque wrench di dwuma fa hyɛ anammɔn mu den denam "cross-tightening kwan" (titiriw ma multi-bolt nhyehyɛe ahorow) so. Mfitiaseɛ no, hyɛ mu den ma ɛnyɛ 50%-70% wɔ torque a wɔkamfo kyerɛ no mu. Ɛsɛ sɛ torque a etwa to no di gyinapɛn bo no akyi pɛpɛɛpɛ (sɛ nhwɛso no, torque a ɛtaa ba ma M10 bolt no yɛ 40-60 n·m).
Anti-loosening measures: Wɔ mfiri washers akyi no, asaawa a wɔde hyɛ mu (te sɛ loctite 243), spring washers, anaa punch points (stamping ne deforming thread ends) nso betumi adi dwuma.
iii. huammɔdi akwan ne ano aduru a wɔtaa de di dwuma .
Bolt nkitahodi huammɔdi taa da adi sɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ɛpaapae, anaasɛ asaawa a wɔde yiyi mu. Nea ɛde ba ne nea wɔde ko tia no te sɛ nea edidi so yi:
Loosening: Vibration brɛ asaawa a ɛyɛ den ase. Wobetumi adi eyi ho dwuma denam afiri a wɔde to mu a wɔde bɛka ho (te sɛ nylon insert nut) anaasɛ denam daa a wɔbɛsan asiesie so.
Breakage: Overload anaa material sintɔ betumi ama eyi aba. Hwɛ bolt ahoɔden grade (sɛ nhwɛso no, 8.8-grade bolts wɔ tensile ahoɔden a ɛboro anaasɛ ɛne 800 MPa yɛ pɛ) na kwati lateral force concentration.
Thread stripping: Thread wear anaasɛ ahoɔden a ɛboro so bere a wode rehyɛ mu no. Wɔkamfo kyerɛ sɛ fa bolt akɛse di dwuma anaasɛ wosiesie ntokuru a wɔde nhama ayɛ no (sɛ nhwɛso no, denam waya a wode bɛhyɛ mu bere a woabɔ so awie no so).
iv. Nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma a ɛkɔ anim ne mfiridwuma mu nneɛma foforo a wɔyɛ .
Wɔ nnɛyi nnwuma mu no, bolt mfiridwuma renya nkɔso bere nyinaa:
Hydraulic tensioning: Pre-Thightening yɛ nea wotumi nya denam hydraulic adwinnade a wɔde twetwe bolt shank no tẽẽ, yi friction mfomso a ɛbata atetesɛm torque akwan ho no fi hɔ. Saa kwan yi fata ma-precision applications te sɛ nuklea ahoɔden ne wimhyɛn.
Smart Bolts: Integrated Strain Sensors anaa RFID chips monitor pre-Teighting force nsakrae wɔ bere ankasa mu na wɔde di dwuma ma akwahosan sohwɛ a ɛfa adan a ɛho hia te sɛ bridges ne mframa turbine abantenten ho.
Self-Tapping Bolts: Saa bolts yi tumi hyɛn nneɛma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw mu (te sɛ plastic ne aluminum alloys) a pre-atu, na ɛma nhyiam no kwan no yɛ mmerɛw.
Awie
Ɛmfa ho sɛ ne kɛse sua no, bolts yɛ "ahobammɔ link" a ɛwɔ mfiri nhyehyɛe mu. Efi nea wɔpaw so kosi nea wosiesie so no, biribiara a ɛkɔ akyiri no betumi ahu sɛnea wobetumi de wɔn ho ato mfiri no nyinaa so. Nyansahu mu bolt nkitahodi akwan a wobetumi ayɛ no yiye no nyɛ nsusuwii akwankyerɛ nko na mmom osuahu a wɔde di dwuma a wɔaboaboa ano nso. Wɔ mfiridwumayɛfo fam no, nneɛma ne akwan foforo a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no a wɔbɛkɔ so ahwɛ so no ho hia kɛse ma nkitahodi ano aduru a ɛyɛ den na etu mpɔn kɛse a wɔbɛyɛ ama adwumayɛ tebea a ɛyɛ den.
